Community Empowerment Through the Life Skills Program with Network Reinforcement Pattern Upstream Downstream (Case Studies on Mulberry Cultivation in District Prigen Pasuruan)
Abstract: The activities of PNF-year Program Evaluation Meeting held in Solo and was followed by a line of PNF in the central and local levels throughout Indonesia and the results of monitoring evaluation BPPLSP Regional IV in 2006 is the implementation of life skills education (life skills) PNF has not been able to achieve optimal results.Based on the results of these evaluations, then in 2007 BPPNFI Regional IV has developed a model of life skills education with Pattern Strengthening Business Network Downstream Hulur Mulberry Cultivation in District Prigen Pasuruan. life skills education program with Network Reinforcement Pattern Upstream Downstream Mulberry Cultivation in District Prigen Pasuruan includes the components of Program Patterns, Group Member, Technical Resource Persons (NST), Meetings and Events Daily Routine. As for the reasons which encourage members to join the group are: (1) the desire to socialize, (2) hope for progress. While the empowerment of group members through the application of model life skills by strengthening the network of upstream downstream business in the District of Pasuruan Prigen can be seen from the economic impact, social impact and environmental impact as well as psychological aspects.
.
Keywords: Life Skills, Business Network
The nature of national development is full human development and society entirely. However, in reality the problem of social inequality can not be solved fundamentally. Recognizing this situation should be sought to find a way for that gap can be minimized, without sacrificing economic growth.The problem is how to strengthen the ability of the lower layers of society that is still in a state unable to escape the trap of poverty, backwardness and need help to be more empowered in self-reliance, self-reliance, one of participation and democratization efforts can be done to overcome the problem of this gap is through education .
Education is basically a conscious effort to prepare students through guidance and / or training for their role in the future. The role of learners in public life, both as individuals and as members of society, is the output (output) of the system and the function of education in principle, education serves to develop the capability, improving quality of life and human dignity of both individual and social. In other words, education serves as a means of empowering individuals and communities to face the future.
The process of empowerment in education is a holistic approach that includes the empowerment of human resources, learning systems megajar, institutions or educational institutions with all the advice and supporting infrastructure. With reference to the definitions above, empowerment is defined as the process of teaching and learning which is a planned and systematic effort is undertaken on an ongoing basis for both individual and collective, in order to develop the power (potential) and capabilities contained within the individual and community groups so as to social transformation. This effort took place as a continuous process, in accordance with the principle of lifelong learning. People's lives needs to be conditioned as a container, in which each member through their daily activities to learn and teach each other. Thus, the interaction process is expected to occur in the form of dialogue and communication of information among members of society who salig push to achieve the fulfillment of human life, ranging from physical needs to self aktuliasasi.
Education must be deliberately planned to equip learners with life skills and life that is integrative combining generic and specific potential in order to solve or overcome the various problems faced life. In this context, Education Development Center Non-Formal and Informal (BPPFI) Regional IV East Java has developed a model of life skills education
Model development was conducted in the subdistrict Prigen Pasuruan East Java Province by involving as many as 20 people who pursue a variety of small businesses that made from raw single commodity, namely plant "mulberry" and other efforts that support. These efforts are (1) mulberry cultivation, (2) cultivation of mulberry seedlings, (3) the business of making organic fertilizer, (4) mulberry juice business, (5) business mulberry ice, (6) business mulberry syrup, (7 ) mulberry jam business, (8) mulberry confectionery business, (9) business lunkhead mulberry, (10) business mulberry vinegar, (11) business screen printing / packaging, and (12) business of collecting bottles.
During testing, life skills program with Pattern Strengthening Business Network Hulur Downstream in the District of Pasuruan Prigen give positive signs so that when you finish the trial period the program was followed, within one year of its implementation program that applied really able to have a positive impact for members of the group.
Implementation of life skills with the model pattern Hulur Strengthening Business Network Downstream in the District of Pasuruan Prigen within one year have been able to provide positive things for members of the group. This means that through the application of life skills program with the pattern of upstream network reinforcement hilr, the Regional BPPFI IV Surabaya is a subject with at once a stimulus from the outside or external factors that encourage the process of empowerment for members of the group is always an object or internal factors of the process of empowerment. The first time the program was launched party is dominant subject against object, but gradually the object with the power he has will be a new subject. This process is concerned with the recognition of the subject will have the ability or power object. Broadly speaking, this process saw the importance of the drainage of power from subject to object to giving him a chance to improve hidupanya using existing sources, is one manifestation of the power flowing through it. In the end, poor individual's ability to realize his hopes with the recognition given by the subjects is evidence that these individuals have the power.
.
DISCUSSION
Substantive theoretical analysis using the theoretical studies, expert opinions, as well as explanations and opinions of the researchers associated with research findings that have been presented.
A. Implementation Program
The group life skills program with Network Reinforcement Pattern Upstream Downstream in the District Prigen Pasuruan, according to the findings in the field is made up of a pilot program model life skills by BPPNFI Regional IV Surabaya.In its daily activities, the business group consisting of Pattern Network, Member of the Network, a Resource Person / Tutor, Program Manager / Network Manager, Process Network Routine activities and Routine Group Meeting. Members of the group consisted of 20 people who have a business unit of mulberry crop cultivators, confectionery business, business printing, business lunkhead, fruit juice production, fertilizer business, supplies bottles, syrup business, business jams, fruit ice production and marketing.
The existence of network patterns involving various business units of mulberry plants, proved to be more empowering its members. This condition is in accordance with the opinion Anwar (2006:145) stating coordination or networking, not just among certain groups, but really antarlintas, I might say should be a network of multi-agency working.Scholastic education programs organized by community-oriented uatama to the improvement of life through education, because it must involve all aspects of life, although its implementation is always adjusted to the conditions of the target group. Under such conditions, then the manager of education outside the school need to cooperate with those engaged in production and services, employment, finance, government and community groups around. The success of education outside of school will greatly depend on the success of creating networks and empower them.
In the trial period, BPPNFI Surabaya Regional IV plays a dominant but after the trial period is completed and fully delegated responsibility to the community organizations, business groups proved to still be able to survive and be able to give positive results Sihombing (2000) describes the structure of government organizations in the field of education outside the school who look to the future is an organization that should be able to generate and grow and develop the participation and community initiatives in an effort to create a society that likes to learn and work effectively and efficiently. The public should be owners of the program, not just a follower or a spectator and join the program because they were ordered, but because they feel there is meaning to life program.The existence of government institutions and agents of change to facilitate the process of achieving the desires of the community, not a burden to society. Coordination aspects covered by the organization, interpreted as an effort of cooperation between some elements in implementing the program. Coordination in this learning takes place between several components of society, both from government such as Education, Government District, BPP / Fisheries, NGOs, village government and community leaders.The term coordination can also be interpreted as an attempt to create networks among several people, organizations, with a view to mutually reinforcing through the exchange of information and cooperation in implementing the program suata or solve the difficulties that are being and might face in the future in an effort to achieve a goal (SIH 2000).
The components business group life skills program with Network Reinforcement Pattern Upstream Downstream Mulberry Cultivation in District Prigen Pasuruan, which consists of members of the network, network resource, routine and regular meetings of the group, really is the active participation of group members. Outside parties in this case BPPFI only as a motivator. This will be to encourage the achievement of economic progress.In the book building society to empower the People's Suharto (2006:42-44) describes the development of local communities is a process aimed at creating social and economic progress for society through active participation and initiative of members of the society itself. Members of the public regarded not as a client system is problematic but rather as a unique community and has the potential, it's just that this potential is not fully developed.
Local community development is basically a process of interaction between members of local communities, facilitated by social workers. The social worker helps raise awareness and develop their ability to achieve expected goals. Local community development is more oriented to "objective processes" (proccess goal) rather than goals or objectives the task (task or product goal).Each member society is responsible for setting goals and choosing the right strategy to achieve that goal. Development of local leadership, increased self-reliance strategy, improving information, communication, relationships and community involvement is a core member of the local community development process that this bottom-up shades.
Efforts to increase income or living standards for people with Pattern Strengthening Network Upstream Downstream through the formation of business groups can be held smoothly through the implementation of a good group organization.Organizations implementing a good, order and discipline will support business goals.
B. Reasons Class Member Attended Life Skills Program with Network Reinforcement Pattern Upstream Downstream Mulberry Cultivation in District Prigen Pasuruan
1. Social Desire
One of the reasons that encourage members to join the group life skills program with Network Reinforcement Pattern Upstream Downstream Mulberry Cultivation in District Prigen Pasuruan regency is the desire to socialize. From the fore informants who met the researcher, in a snow ball sampling their main reason is the desire to socialize with other people, perceived as a very reasonable requirement in accordance with human nature, as described by Santoso (1992:13) that in fact humans have had trait that can be classified into, (a) the individual human being, (b) social human beings, (c) human beings sustain-deity.
Especially humans as social beings, then humans are certainly required to make social relations among each other in life in addition to demands to live in groups.
Social relationships is one relationship that must be implemented, implies that in the relationship of each individual aware of his presence in addition to the presence of another individual.
This is due to that the social word means "a relationship based on an awareness of one over another, where they do each other, recognize each other and know each other or the mutual action and mutual recognation".
In addition, humans as social beings, also required the existence of life in groups, so the situation is similar to a community, such as villages, tribes Bangda and so that each group has different characteristics from each other.
The life of this group, not determined by the interest / interests, but because of the basic condition of a common life (basic conditions than the common life) The basic condition of a common life is an element of their group life and binder can be a "locality ", namely the existence of local / specific housing and community sentiment, namely a sense of shared ownership" in life.
Based on interviews and observations, the proximity of residential areas or indeed to motivate members to join the group.
2. Hope Forward
Another reason members join the group hopes to advance through the group, because after going through the trial period for one year, the group members to feel the positive results from their participation in the group, which could support their efforts. This condition affects the psychological aspects of members to continue to join the group.According to Freud in Suryabrata (2007:125-127), personality consists of three systems, or aspects, namely: (a) Das Es (The id), namely the biological aspects, (b) Das Ich (the ego), the psychological aspects, (c) Das Ich Veber (the super-ego), the sociological aspects of psychological aspects can arise because the organism needs to relate well with the world of reality (realitat). In the functioning of das Ich hold on "Reality Principle" or "Reality Principle" and react with the secondary process.The objective reality of this principle is to find the correct object (matching) to reduce tension that arises within organize. Secondary process that is realistic thought process, using a secondary process das Ich pemuasaan formulate a plan for your needs and test it or to test it (usually with some action) to find out whether the plan succeeded or not. Das Ich can also be viewed as an aspect of executive personality, because it controls das Ich traveled roads, selecting the needs that can be met and ways to meet them and choose the objects that can meet the requirement.
In efforts to achieve the goal, then hope to get ahead or get a better result for the increase in perceived effort will be met through a group effort.The group is social interaction in the form of cooperation, because as a destination network that one member of the group relate to other members, that in the social interaction there are certain forms one of which is cooperation.
a) In giving the sense of cooperation, S.S. Sargent formulated: "... coordinated effort is directed to wards a sharable goal. It is most likely to occler situation Nowhere in the end can not be attained by purely individual effort ". At the essence of cooperation is defined as the concentration of various businesses directly to a separate destination. This is a situation in which compliance with the final goal can not be achieved with a special effort of individuals. There is also a show that cooperation is a form of social interaction in which the goal of one group member is closely related to other goals or objectives of the group as a whole so that one individual can only achieve the goal when the other individual also achieve the goal.
b) The emergence of cooperation
The process of emergence of this cooperation is realized when individuals have goals / interests are the same and at the same time have enough knowledge and self-control to meet those needs.
In the form of such cooperation is the willingness of one group member to replace the activities of other group members because of activities that are implemented are dependent slaing with other activities in relation to the achievement of common goals.
Be aware that common purpose is a combination / interests of each individual member of the group so that each member provides the power to help each other and give each other / receive influence from other members.
Members of the business group life skills program with Network Reinforcement Pattern Upstream Downstream is an adult orientation to learning faced or something different with the kids.
For adults, their involvement in learning activities, as big as a response to what he felt in his life now.Therefore, education for people who've grown viewed as a process of fatherly improve its ability to solve problems that he faced life (Arif, 1990:6).
Pain less satisfied with the results of operations taken as livelihoods leading to problems in their lives, motivating them to become members of the group. From interviews with 8 of informants in the field, they want to get better results and thus have more strength in facing life. The strength here can be interpreted as the power of Suharto (2006:58) describes empowerment refers to the ability of people, especially vulnerable groups and weak that they have the power or ability in (a) meet their basic needs so that they have the freedom (freedom), in the sense of not only free express an opinion, but freedom from hunger, freedom from ignorance, freedom from pain, (b) reach productive resources that enable them to improve pendapatnnya and obtain in the development process and decisions that affect its them.
Abstract: The activities of PNF-year Program Evaluation Meeting held in Solo and was followed by a line of PNF in the central and local levels throughout Indonesia and the results of monitoring evaluation BPPLSP Regional IV in 2006 is the implementation of life skills education (life skills) PNF has not been able to achieve optimal results.Based on the results of these evaluations, then in 2007 BPPNFI Regional IV has developed a model of life skills education with Pattern Strengthening Business Network Downstream Hulur Mulberry Cultivation in District Prigen Pasuruan. life skills education program with Network Reinforcement Pattern Upstream Downstream Mulberry Cultivation in District Prigen Pasuruan includes the components of Program Patterns, Group Member, Technical Resource Persons (NST), Meetings and Events Daily Routine. As for the reasons which encourage members to join the group are: (1) the desire to socialize, (2) hope for progress. While the empowerment of group members through the application of model life skills by strengthening the network of upstream downstream business in the District of Pasuruan Prigen can be seen from the economic impact, social impact and environmental impact as well as psychological aspects.
.
Keywords: Life Skills, Business Network
The nature of national development is full human development and society entirely. However, in reality the problem of social inequality can not be solved fundamentally. Recognizing this situation should be sought to find a way for that gap can be minimized, without sacrificing economic growth.The problem is how to strengthen the ability of the lower layers of society that is still in a state unable to escape the trap of poverty, backwardness and need help to be more empowered in self-reliance, self-reliance, one of participation and democratization efforts can be done to overcome the problem of this gap is through education .
Education is basically a conscious effort to prepare students through guidance and / or training for their role in the future. The role of learners in public life, both as individuals and as members of society, is the output (output) of the system and the function of education in principle, education serves to develop the capability, improving quality of life and human dignity of both individual and social. In other words, education serves as a means of empowering individuals and communities to face the future.
The process of empowerment in education is a holistic approach that includes the empowerment of human resources, learning systems megajar, institutions or educational institutions with all the advice and supporting infrastructure. With reference to the definitions above, empowerment is defined as the process of teaching and learning which is a planned and systematic effort is undertaken on an ongoing basis for both individual and collective, in order to develop the power (potential) and capabilities contained within the individual and community groups so as to social transformation. This effort took place as a continuous process, in accordance with the principle of lifelong learning. People's lives needs to be conditioned as a container, in which each member through their daily activities to learn and teach each other. Thus, the interaction process is expected to occur in the form of dialogue and communication of information among members of society who salig push to achieve the fulfillment of human life, ranging from physical needs to self aktuliasasi.
Education must be deliberately planned to equip learners with life skills and life that is integrative combining generic and specific potential in order to solve or overcome the various problems faced life. In this context, Education Development Center Non-Formal and Informal (BPPFI) Regional IV East Java has developed a model of life skills education
Model development was conducted in the subdistrict Prigen Pasuruan East Java Province by involving as many as 20 people who pursue a variety of small businesses that made from raw single commodity, namely plant "mulberry" and other efforts that support. These efforts are (1) mulberry cultivation, (2) cultivation of mulberry seedlings, (3) the business of making organic fertilizer, (4) mulberry juice business, (5) business mulberry ice, (6) business mulberry syrup, (7 ) mulberry jam business, (8) mulberry confectionery business, (9) business lunkhead mulberry, (10) business mulberry vinegar, (11) business screen printing / packaging, and (12) business of collecting bottles.
During testing, life skills program with Pattern Strengthening Business Network Hulur Downstream in the District of Pasuruan Prigen give positive signs so that when you finish the trial period the program was followed, within one year of its implementation program that applied really able to have a positive impact for members of the group.
Implementation of life skills with the model pattern Hulur Strengthening Business Network Downstream in the District of Pasuruan Prigen within one year have been able to provide positive things for members of the group. This means that through the application of life skills program with the pattern of upstream network reinforcement hilr, the Regional BPPFI IV Surabaya is a subject with at once a stimulus from the outside or external factors that encourage the process of empowerment for members of the group is always an object or internal factors of the process of empowerment. The first time the program was launched party is dominant subject against object, but gradually the object with the power he has will be a new subject. This process is concerned with the recognition of the subject will have the ability or power object. Broadly speaking, this process saw the importance of the drainage of power from subject to object to giving him a chance to improve hidupanya using existing sources, is one manifestation of the power flowing through it. In the end, poor individual's ability to realize his hopes with the recognition given by the subjects is evidence that these individuals have the power.
.
DISCUSSION
Substantive theoretical analysis using the theoretical studies, expert opinions, as well as explanations and opinions of the researchers associated with research findings that have been presented.
A. Implementation Program
The group life skills program with Network Reinforcement Pattern Upstream Downstream in the District Prigen Pasuruan, according to the findings in the field is made up of a pilot program model life skills by BPPNFI Regional IV Surabaya.In its daily activities, the business group consisting of Pattern Network, Member of the Network, a Resource Person / Tutor, Program Manager / Network Manager, Process Network Routine activities and Routine Group Meeting. Members of the group consisted of 20 people who have a business unit of mulberry crop cultivators, confectionery business, business printing, business lunkhead, fruit juice production, fertilizer business, supplies bottles, syrup business, business jams, fruit ice production and marketing.
The existence of network patterns involving various business units of mulberry plants, proved to be more empowering its members. This condition is in accordance with the opinion Anwar (2006:145) stating coordination or networking, not just among certain groups, but really antarlintas, I might say should be a network of multi-agency working.Scholastic education programs organized by community-oriented uatama to the improvement of life through education, because it must involve all aspects of life, although its implementation is always adjusted to the conditions of the target group. Under such conditions, then the manager of education outside the school need to cooperate with those engaged in production and services, employment, finance, government and community groups around. The success of education outside of school will greatly depend on the success of creating networks and empower them.
In the trial period, BPPNFI Surabaya Regional IV plays a dominant but after the trial period is completed and fully delegated responsibility to the community organizations, business groups proved to still be able to survive and be able to give positive results Sihombing (2000) describes the structure of government organizations in the field of education outside the school who look to the future is an organization that should be able to generate and grow and develop the participation and community initiatives in an effort to create a society that likes to learn and work effectively and efficiently. The public should be owners of the program, not just a follower or a spectator and join the program because they were ordered, but because they feel there is meaning to life program.The existence of government institutions and agents of change to facilitate the process of achieving the desires of the community, not a burden to society. Coordination aspects covered by the organization, interpreted as an effort of cooperation between some elements in implementing the program. Coordination in this learning takes place between several components of society, both from government such as Education, Government District, BPP / Fisheries, NGOs, village government and community leaders.The term coordination can also be interpreted as an attempt to create networks among several people, organizations, with a view to mutually reinforcing through the exchange of information and cooperation in implementing the program suata or solve the difficulties that are being and might face in the future in an effort to achieve a goal (SIH 2000).
The components business group life skills program with Network Reinforcement Pattern Upstream Downstream Mulberry Cultivation in District Prigen Pasuruan, which consists of members of the network, network resource, routine and regular meetings of the group, really is the active participation of group members. Outside parties in this case BPPFI only as a motivator. This will be to encourage the achievement of economic progress.In the book building society to empower the People's Suharto (2006:42-44) describes the development of local communities is a process aimed at creating social and economic progress for society through active participation and initiative of members of the society itself. Members of the public regarded not as a client system is problematic but rather as a unique community and has the potential, it's just that this potential is not fully developed.
Local community development is basically a process of interaction between members of local communities, facilitated by social workers. The social worker helps raise awareness and develop their ability to achieve expected goals. Local community development is more oriented to "objective processes" (proccess goal) rather than goals or objectives the task (task or product goal).Each member society is responsible for setting goals and choosing the right strategy to achieve that goal. Development of local leadership, increased self-reliance strategy, improving information, communication, relationships and community involvement is a core member of the local community development process that this bottom-up shades.
Efforts to increase income or living standards for people with Pattern Strengthening Network Upstream Downstream through the formation of business groups can be held smoothly through the implementation of a good group organization.Organizations implementing a good, order and discipline will support business goals.
B. Reasons Class Member Attended Life Skills Program with Network Reinforcement Pattern Upstream Downstream Mulberry Cultivation in District Prigen Pasuruan
1. Social Desire
One of the reasons that encourage members to join the group life skills program with Network Reinforcement Pattern Upstream Downstream Mulberry Cultivation in District Prigen Pasuruan regency is the desire to socialize. From the fore informants who met the researcher, in a snow ball sampling their main reason is the desire to socialize with other people, perceived as a very reasonable requirement in accordance with human nature, as described by Santoso (1992:13) that in fact humans have had trait that can be classified into, (a) the individual human being, (b) social human beings, (c) human beings sustain-deity.
Especially humans as social beings, then humans are certainly required to make social relations among each other in life in addition to demands to live in groups.
Social relationships is one relationship that must be implemented, implies that in the relationship of each individual aware of his presence in addition to the presence of another individual.
This is due to that the social word means "a relationship based on an awareness of one over another, where they do each other, recognize each other and know each other or the mutual action and mutual recognation".
In addition, humans as social beings, also required the existence of life in groups, so the situation is similar to a community, such as villages, tribes Bangda and so that each group has different characteristics from each other.
The life of this group, not determined by the interest / interests, but because of the basic condition of a common life (basic conditions than the common life) The basic condition of a common life is an element of their group life and binder can be a "locality ", namely the existence of local / specific housing and community sentiment, namely a sense of shared ownership" in life.
Based on interviews and observations, the proximity of residential areas or indeed to motivate members to join the group.
2. Hope Forward
Another reason members join the group hopes to advance through the group, because after going through the trial period for one year, the group members to feel the positive results from their participation in the group, which could support their efforts. This condition affects the psychological aspects of members to continue to join the group.According to Freud in Suryabrata (2007:125-127), personality consists of three systems, or aspects, namely: (a) Das Es (The id), namely the biological aspects, (b) Das Ich (the ego), the psychological aspects, (c) Das Ich Veber (the super-ego), the sociological aspects of psychological aspects can arise because the organism needs to relate well with the world of reality (realitat). In the functioning of das Ich hold on "Reality Principle" or "Reality Principle" and react with the secondary process.The objective reality of this principle is to find the correct object (matching) to reduce tension that arises within organize. Secondary process that is realistic thought process, using a secondary process das Ich pemuasaan formulate a plan for your needs and test it or to test it (usually with some action) to find out whether the plan succeeded or not. Das Ich can also be viewed as an aspect of executive personality, because it controls das Ich traveled roads, selecting the needs that can be met and ways to meet them and choose the objects that can meet the requirement.
In efforts to achieve the goal, then hope to get ahead or get a better result for the increase in perceived effort will be met through a group effort.The group is social interaction in the form of cooperation, because as a destination network that one member of the group relate to other members, that in the social interaction there are certain forms one of which is cooperation.
a) In giving the sense of cooperation, S.S. Sargent formulated: "... coordinated effort is directed to wards a sharable goal. It is most likely to occler situation Nowhere in the end can not be attained by purely individual effort ". At the essence of cooperation is defined as the concentration of various businesses directly to a separate destination. This is a situation in which compliance with the final goal can not be achieved with a special effort of individuals. There is also a show that cooperation is a form of social interaction in which the goal of one group member is closely related to other goals or objectives of the group as a whole so that one individual can only achieve the goal when the other individual also achieve the goal.
b) The emergence of cooperation
The process of emergence of this cooperation is realized when individuals have goals / interests are the same and at the same time have enough knowledge and self-control to meet those needs.
In the form of such cooperation is the willingness of one group member to replace the activities of other group members because of activities that are implemented are dependent slaing with other activities in relation to the achievement of common goals.
Be aware that common purpose is a combination / interests of each individual member of the group so that each member provides the power to help each other and give each other / receive influence from other members.
Members of the business group life skills program with Network Reinforcement Pattern Upstream Downstream is an adult orientation to learning faced or something different with the kids.
For adults, their involvement in learning activities, as big as a response to what he felt in his life now.Therefore, education for people who've grown viewed as a process of fatherly improve its ability to solve problems that he faced life (Arif, 1990:6).
Pain less satisfied with the results of operations taken as livelihoods leading to problems in their lives, motivating them to become members of the group. From interviews with 8 of informants in the field, they want to get better results and thus have more strength in facing life. The strength here can be interpreted as the power of Suharto (2006:58) describes empowerment refers to the ability of people, especially vulnerable groups and weak that they have the power or ability in (a) meet their basic needs so that they have the freedom (freedom), in the sense of not only free express an opinion, but freedom from hunger, freedom from ignorance, freedom from pain, (b) reach productive resources that enable them to improve pendapatnnya and obtain in the development process and decisions that affect its them.
C. Empowerment through Group Members Penerepan Model Life skills with Network Reinforcement Pattern Upstream Downstream in the District of Pasuruan Prigen
Implementation of life skills with the model pattern Strengthening Business Network Upstream Downstream in the District of Pasuruan Prigen involving 20 people who have business group members made from raw strawberry, strawberry waste or other businesses that support the processing of strawberries, proven to empower members of the group, among others, through the impact menoingkatnya economy with income, social impact with the stronger cooperation between members of the group, ligkungan impact due to increased utilization of local potential and an increase in the confidence of group members.
The existence of these impacts in accordance with the characteristics of an empowered community, namely:
1. Getting convenience (access to capital, seed, fertilizer)
2. Collective bargaining has value
3. Proficiency in determining choice
4. Image of him growing up
5. Able to express experience and to automatically analyze
6. The existence of the group received recognition from community leaders, village, Head and others.
Based on the results of interviews with the informant, was recognized by the group they get kemudaha among others, with the help of capital or assurance of raw material production or post production. Besides, through regular meetings held at least once a month, members of the group capable of expressing the experience and analyze it properly for the progress of the group so that the brand has value in collective bargaining and proficient in meentukan choice. Similarly, the recognition of the local pemerinmtah, ultimately improving self image group members. This condition is consistent with the opinion Halada (2009) which states that penggeerakan and community empowerment is all the effort of facilitation that is persuasive and tidakj memeritah which aims to improve knowledge, attitude, behavior and society's ability to find, plan and solve problems using resources / potential they have included the participation and support of community leaders and NGOs that ad and live in the community.
Suharto (2006:60) also believes empowerment refers to the situation or the results which aspires to be achieved by a social change, namely an empowered community, has the power or have the knowledge and ability in meeting their needs both physical, economic or social, such as having self-confidence , able to convey the aspirations, have a livelihood, natural berpartisipasid social activity and independence in carrying out the tasks of life.
Furthermore, it also presented, to determine the focus and purpose of empowerment operationally it is necessary to note empowerment indicators that can indicate a person or entity empowered or not. The success of community empowerment can be seen from the empowerment of those who are related to economic ability, the ability to access welfare benefits and the ability of cultural and political. These three aspects are associated with the four dimensions of power, namely: power in the (Power Within), the power to (power so), powers up (power over) dn power (power with).
Study of empowerment indicators above, the community groups in District Prigen Pasuruan that have implemented the model of life skills with Pattern Strengthening Business Network Prigen Upstream Downstream in the District of Pasuruan, can be said to have shown progress towards more powerful. This can be described as follows:
1. Power within
• Improve kesadarandan desire for change. From the research results, primarily from the reasons members of the group to follow a program of hope for progress, shows a consciousness and keiginan them to change towards the better.
2. The power to
• Improve the ability of individuals to change.
• Increase the opportunity to gain access.
Associated with field conditions that result from research, then the indicator is being met with increasingly open access to markets and income because of the efforts of one group member related to another group member businesses.Even the product of the group have been able to penetrate the leading supermarkets.
3. Power over
• Changes in resource constraints and kekuasaa at the household level, community and macro.
• Power or individual action to deal with these constraints.
Based on the results of the study, members of the group has been able to overcome some obstacles so that they are powerless either for themselves or a group.
4. The group with
• Increased solidarity or collective action with others to deal with resource constraints and power at the household level, community and macro.
The role of the group through regular meetings held to discuss any problems or reason for the progress of the group, has significance for members of the group to continue to survive.
The nature of the program life skills, in principle, is to achieve human resource development. This means synonymous with human development.Alhumami with Handy (2008:131), the human development paradigm has four essential components. First, equality refers to equality in access to economic resources and political yangmenjadi basic rights of citizens. Second, productivity refers to efforts aimed at improving kegiataan sistemats economy. This effort requires investment in human resources, infrastructure, and financial to supporting economic growth, which resulted in improved community welfare. For production capacity can be maximized, the investment should be more focused on efforts to improve the quality of human resources, which is characterized by increased knowledge, skills and mastery of technology. Qualified human resources play a major role in the development process of a nation. Third, the empowerment that refers to each community capacity building efforts in a way to transform the potential and abilities so that they have the independence, autonomy, and authority in carrying out the work and solve social problems. In this context, placing human development as the center of all attention that aims to increase growth and revenue, and expand public choices. Fourthly, sustainable development refers to the strategies in managing and treating capital development: physical, human, financial, and environment to be utilized to achieve the main goals of development, namely the people's welfare.
Departing from the above explanation, it appears that elements of empowerment are closely linked to human development. As well in the group members in District Prigen Pasuruan, where they mengadapsi profram a model of life skills so that they have the independence and gain increased revenue.
In other words, through the application of model life skills with Pattern Strengthening Business Network Prigen Upstream Downstream in the District of Pasuruan District, members of the group can develop its potential, both as farmers plant strawberry, strawberry or waste processing and other business-related. Means they have fulfilled the essence of human development.
Human development or human development is the effort or process perluasaan options held by residents to build hidupya that are considered valuable. Some things are essential in development is so that people can feel a long and healthy life, knowledge, and have access to the resources needed to live comfortably. In addition, it is also necessary choices to obtain social freedom, economic, and political so as to develop their potential fully and make them productive and creative lives in accordance with the needs and desires. Thus, human or population is the real wealth of a nation. Development is not just a matter of economic growth, which is a tool though a necessary tool for opening the choices of the population. Something very fundamental to the expansion of these choices is building human capabilities (human capabilities) and a series of things that can be done and that can be enjoyed in hidupya (UNDP 1990 with Handy 2008:130).
Further conditions which obtained in the presence of human development is community development.Midshipman (2000:170), explained that the crystallization of text and context of community development, among others, materialize in kontekstualisasinya which can be summarized into two main following, namely (i) community participation and efforts (yourself) to improve people's lives based on their own initiative, and (ii) readiness support, technical support and other services so that initiative, self-reliance, and community volunteerism into semaki effective.Konstektualisasinya be different from one country to another, there is a sense of community development as an extension (extension), there is also a building society (mass education), development of base (fundamental education), rural development or build villages, Java (ruraldevelopment). Indeed kontekstualisasinya different, but it contains at least four of the following: (a) the concept of self-reliance, (b) The initiative must always come from the community / komuitas itself, (c) there is an agent of change whether done by local leaders, NGOs, or the institution another, and (d) any use and technical approaches based on local potential.
From various contextualization above, developed conceptualization that focuses on community development on the one hand be seen as a process or series of activities, and on the other hand the development of society is seen as the status of developing a masyarakjat. The former (the process) emphasizes the importance of changes in status (from bad to better, for example), while the second (status) stressed that community development is seen as the status of the development of a society. The former (process), pressing the importance of changes in status (from bad to better, for example), while the second (status) stressed that community development is like a terminal, where the dismissal that describes a certain progress. From this came / were born four concepts of community development is like a terminal, where the dismissal that describes a certain progress, namely the concept of processes, methods, programs, and movement.The concept emphasizes that community development process was a change from one status / state of a lower to a status on it or from one stage to the upper. For example, perubaha that occurs in people who previously have not been able to make a decision to be able to take decisions together. The main pressure and the concept of process is what is happening in society viewed from the side / social and psychological aspects. The concept asserts that the most important method is the end result of people's welfare and how welfare is achieved by using the method of community development. Most important in this method the concept of how and by what method the results can be achieved. The concept of the program focuses attention on how important the activities and how far the public to participate in how important the activities and how far society actively participate in the activity of it. In other words, the concept of the program is very concerned about activities that are happening / going on in society, while the concept of the movement see the importance of commitment and emotional connection towards the creation of community institutions and social structures are stronger.
Application of model life skills with Pattern Strengthening Business Network Upstream Downstream in the District of Pasuruan Prigen proven capable of developing the community, although still limited in scale, the small group members, where they have been able to seek their own and gain support from the local government.
Conclusion
Based on what has been described in the chapter of exposure data and research, and discussion, the following suggested several conclusions:
1. Implementation of life skills education models with patterns of downstream upstream network reinforcement in District Prigen Pasuruan regency is a pattern with a variety of related businesses with the same ingredient in the plant mulberry. The pattern of these efforts have received support from local authorities although not intenstif. Besides, some enterprises have not been connected at once because there is an order.
2. The desire to exchange information and experiences as well as efforts to increase income or opinion, is the reason members join the group.
3. The changes in the pattern of group members through the implementation of Business Strengthening Network Upstream Downstream in the District of Pasuruan Prigen include business activities which was not organized to be more teorganisir for example in the presence of regular meetings of the group, the presence of increasing revenues and expanding the ability to market products include some of the production group canaccepted by the supermarkets get to know in Surabaya.
REFERENCES
Anwar, 2004. Life Skills Education. New York: Alfabeta.
Arief, Zainudin. 1987. Supervision, Evaluation, Monitoring and starvation PLS. London: Karunika.
Santosa, Slamet. Group Dynamics. Publishers Earth Literacy, Jakarta Member IKAPI.
Sarbiran. 2002. Skills and Life Skills (Life Skills): An issue of Human Dignity. Horizon Education: Journal of Science Education, 2, 147-165.
Simpson, G. 1999. Leadership is An Important Life Skill. Taken on August 12, 2003 from http://www.uaf edu / eoop-ext / pr / leadership.html.
Suharsimi, A. 2002. Research Procedure A Practice Approach. New York: New York: Bhineka Reserved.
Suharto, Edi. 2006. Building Communities Empowering People. Bandung: PT. Refika Aditama.
Suryabrata, Sumardi. 2007. Personality Psychology. Publisher PT King Grafindo Persda, Jakarta. 2007.
Tim Broad - Based Education. 2002. Oriented Education Life Skills (Life Skills) Through Broad approach - Based Education (BBE). Jakarta: Ministry of Education.
Hand Point. 2008. National Awakening and Human Development: A Critical Note. Jakarta: Indonesian Institute of Sciences.
Unicef. 2000. Life Skills: Introduction. Taken on August 12, 2007 from htpp: / / www.unicef.org / media / index.html ..
State University of Malang. 2000. Guidelines for Scientific Writing, Thesis, Thesis, Dissertation, Articles, Papers, Research Reports. Malang: Fourth Edition. UM Press.
Yin, Robert K. 2000. Case Study (Design and Methods). Translated by M. Djauzi Mudzakir, 1996.London: King Grafindo Persada.
Yusril Halada. 2009. Movements and Community Empowerment.
Implementation of life skills with the model pattern Strengthening Business Network Upstream Downstream in the District of Pasuruan Prigen involving 20 people who have business group members made from raw strawberry, strawberry waste or other businesses that support the processing of strawberries, proven to empower members of the group, among others, through the impact menoingkatnya economy with income, social impact with the stronger cooperation between members of the group, ligkungan impact due to increased utilization of local potential and an increase in the confidence of group members.
The existence of these impacts in accordance with the characteristics of an empowered community, namely:
1. Getting convenience (access to capital, seed, fertilizer)
2. Collective bargaining has value
3. Proficiency in determining choice
4. Image of him growing up
5. Able to express experience and to automatically analyze
6. The existence of the group received recognition from community leaders, village, Head and others.
Based on the results of interviews with the informant, was recognized by the group they get kemudaha among others, with the help of capital or assurance of raw material production or post production. Besides, through regular meetings held at least once a month, members of the group capable of expressing the experience and analyze it properly for the progress of the group so that the brand has value in collective bargaining and proficient in meentukan choice. Similarly, the recognition of the local pemerinmtah, ultimately improving self image group members. This condition is consistent with the opinion Halada (2009) which states that penggeerakan and community empowerment is all the effort of facilitation that is persuasive and tidakj memeritah which aims to improve knowledge, attitude, behavior and society's ability to find, plan and solve problems using resources / potential they have included the participation and support of community leaders and NGOs that ad and live in the community.
Suharto (2006:60) also believes empowerment refers to the situation or the results which aspires to be achieved by a social change, namely an empowered community, has the power or have the knowledge and ability in meeting their needs both physical, economic or social, such as having self-confidence , able to convey the aspirations, have a livelihood, natural berpartisipasid social activity and independence in carrying out the tasks of life.
Furthermore, it also presented, to determine the focus and purpose of empowerment operationally it is necessary to note empowerment indicators that can indicate a person or entity empowered or not. The success of community empowerment can be seen from the empowerment of those who are related to economic ability, the ability to access welfare benefits and the ability of cultural and political. These three aspects are associated with the four dimensions of power, namely: power in the (Power Within), the power to (power so), powers up (power over) dn power (power with).
Study of empowerment indicators above, the community groups in District Prigen Pasuruan that have implemented the model of life skills with Pattern Strengthening Business Network Prigen Upstream Downstream in the District of Pasuruan, can be said to have shown progress towards more powerful. This can be described as follows:
1. Power within
• Improve kesadarandan desire for change. From the research results, primarily from the reasons members of the group to follow a program of hope for progress, shows a consciousness and keiginan them to change towards the better.
2. The power to
• Improve the ability of individuals to change.
• Increase the opportunity to gain access.
Associated with field conditions that result from research, then the indicator is being met with increasingly open access to markets and income because of the efforts of one group member related to another group member businesses.Even the product of the group have been able to penetrate the leading supermarkets.
3. Power over
• Changes in resource constraints and kekuasaa at the household level, community and macro.
• Power or individual action to deal with these constraints.
Based on the results of the study, members of the group has been able to overcome some obstacles so that they are powerless either for themselves or a group.
4. The group with
• Increased solidarity or collective action with others to deal with resource constraints and power at the household level, community and macro.
The role of the group through regular meetings held to discuss any problems or reason for the progress of the group, has significance for members of the group to continue to survive.
The nature of the program life skills, in principle, is to achieve human resource development. This means synonymous with human development.Alhumami with Handy (2008:131), the human development paradigm has four essential components. First, equality refers to equality in access to economic resources and political yangmenjadi basic rights of citizens. Second, productivity refers to efforts aimed at improving kegiataan sistemats economy. This effort requires investment in human resources, infrastructure, and financial to supporting economic growth, which resulted in improved community welfare. For production capacity can be maximized, the investment should be more focused on efforts to improve the quality of human resources, which is characterized by increased knowledge, skills and mastery of technology. Qualified human resources play a major role in the development process of a nation. Third, the empowerment that refers to each community capacity building efforts in a way to transform the potential and abilities so that they have the independence, autonomy, and authority in carrying out the work and solve social problems. In this context, placing human development as the center of all attention that aims to increase growth and revenue, and expand public choices. Fourthly, sustainable development refers to the strategies in managing and treating capital development: physical, human, financial, and environment to be utilized to achieve the main goals of development, namely the people's welfare.
Departing from the above explanation, it appears that elements of empowerment are closely linked to human development. As well in the group members in District Prigen Pasuruan, where they mengadapsi profram a model of life skills so that they have the independence and gain increased revenue.
In other words, through the application of model life skills with Pattern Strengthening Business Network Prigen Upstream Downstream in the District of Pasuruan District, members of the group can develop its potential, both as farmers plant strawberry, strawberry or waste processing and other business-related. Means they have fulfilled the essence of human development.
Human development or human development is the effort or process perluasaan options held by residents to build hidupya that are considered valuable. Some things are essential in development is so that people can feel a long and healthy life, knowledge, and have access to the resources needed to live comfortably. In addition, it is also necessary choices to obtain social freedom, economic, and political so as to develop their potential fully and make them productive and creative lives in accordance with the needs and desires. Thus, human or population is the real wealth of a nation. Development is not just a matter of economic growth, which is a tool though a necessary tool for opening the choices of the population. Something very fundamental to the expansion of these choices is building human capabilities (human capabilities) and a series of things that can be done and that can be enjoyed in hidupya (UNDP 1990 with Handy 2008:130).
Further conditions which obtained in the presence of human development is community development.Midshipman (2000:170), explained that the crystallization of text and context of community development, among others, materialize in kontekstualisasinya which can be summarized into two main following, namely (i) community participation and efforts (yourself) to improve people's lives based on their own initiative, and (ii) readiness support, technical support and other services so that initiative, self-reliance, and community volunteerism into semaki effective.Konstektualisasinya be different from one country to another, there is a sense of community development as an extension (extension), there is also a building society (mass education), development of base (fundamental education), rural development or build villages, Java (ruraldevelopment). Indeed kontekstualisasinya different, but it contains at least four of the following: (a) the concept of self-reliance, (b) The initiative must always come from the community / komuitas itself, (c) there is an agent of change whether done by local leaders, NGOs, or the institution another, and (d) any use and technical approaches based on local potential.
From various contextualization above, developed conceptualization that focuses on community development on the one hand be seen as a process or series of activities, and on the other hand the development of society is seen as the status of developing a masyarakjat. The former (the process) emphasizes the importance of changes in status (from bad to better, for example), while the second (status) stressed that community development is seen as the status of the development of a society. The former (process), pressing the importance of changes in status (from bad to better, for example), while the second (status) stressed that community development is like a terminal, where the dismissal that describes a certain progress. From this came / were born four concepts of community development is like a terminal, where the dismissal that describes a certain progress, namely the concept of processes, methods, programs, and movement.The concept emphasizes that community development process was a change from one status / state of a lower to a status on it or from one stage to the upper. For example, perubaha that occurs in people who previously have not been able to make a decision to be able to take decisions together. The main pressure and the concept of process is what is happening in society viewed from the side / social and psychological aspects. The concept asserts that the most important method is the end result of people's welfare and how welfare is achieved by using the method of community development. Most important in this method the concept of how and by what method the results can be achieved. The concept of the program focuses attention on how important the activities and how far the public to participate in how important the activities and how far society actively participate in the activity of it. In other words, the concept of the program is very concerned about activities that are happening / going on in society, while the concept of the movement see the importance of commitment and emotional connection towards the creation of community institutions and social structures are stronger.
Application of model life skills with Pattern Strengthening Business Network Upstream Downstream in the District of Pasuruan Prigen proven capable of developing the community, although still limited in scale, the small group members, where they have been able to seek their own and gain support from the local government.
Conclusion
Based on what has been described in the chapter of exposure data and research, and discussion, the following suggested several conclusions:
1. Implementation of life skills education models with patterns of downstream upstream network reinforcement in District Prigen Pasuruan regency is a pattern with a variety of related businesses with the same ingredient in the plant mulberry. The pattern of these efforts have received support from local authorities although not intenstif. Besides, some enterprises have not been connected at once because there is an order.
2. The desire to exchange information and experiences as well as efforts to increase income or opinion, is the reason members join the group.
3. The changes in the pattern of group members through the implementation of Business Strengthening Network Upstream Downstream in the District of Pasuruan Prigen include business activities which was not organized to be more teorganisir for example in the presence of regular meetings of the group, the presence of increasing revenues and expanding the ability to market products include some of the production group canaccepted by the supermarkets get to know in Surabaya.
REFERENCES
Anwar, 2004. Life Skills Education. New York: Alfabeta.
Arief, Zainudin. 1987. Supervision, Evaluation, Monitoring and starvation PLS. London: Karunika.
Santosa, Slamet. Group Dynamics. Publishers Earth Literacy, Jakarta Member IKAPI.
Sarbiran. 2002. Skills and Life Skills (Life Skills): An issue of Human Dignity. Horizon Education: Journal of Science Education, 2, 147-165.
Simpson, G. 1999. Leadership is An Important Life Skill. Taken on August 12, 2003 from http://www.uaf edu / eoop-ext / pr / leadership.html.
Suharsimi, A. 2002. Research Procedure A Practice Approach. New York: New York: Bhineka Reserved.
Suharto, Edi. 2006. Building Communities Empowering People. Bandung: PT. Refika Aditama.
Suryabrata, Sumardi. 2007. Personality Psychology. Publisher PT King Grafindo Persda, Jakarta. 2007.
Tim Broad - Based Education. 2002. Oriented Education Life Skills (Life Skills) Through Broad approach - Based Education (BBE). Jakarta: Ministry of Education.
Hand Point. 2008. National Awakening and Human Development: A Critical Note. Jakarta: Indonesian Institute of Sciences.
Unicef. 2000. Life Skills: Introduction. Taken on August 12, 2007 from htpp: / / www.unicef.org / media / index.html ..
State University of Malang. 2000. Guidelines for Scientific Writing, Thesis, Thesis, Dissertation, Articles, Papers, Research Reports. Malang: Fourth Edition. UM Press.
Yin, Robert K. 2000. Case Study (Design and Methods). Translated by M. Djauzi Mudzakir, 1996.London: King Grafindo Persada.
Yusril Halada. 2009. Movements and Community Empowerment.
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar